Jumat, 28 Oktober 2011

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GEOLOGICAL DISTRIBUTION BY AGE
Mustaqim History X arkaikum, Asia, Australia, geology, Holocene, Indonesia, crater,Languages, Mesozoic, neozoikum, palaezoikum, plestosen, Programming, tertiary, East8 Comments
According to the Earth Sciences Falak has been going on around 2,500 million years ago and is divided into several times, among others:
1. Age Arkaikum / Azoikum At this time the earth was still very hot conditions and haveno signs of life.
2. Age Palaeozoikum / Primer In this period have no life marked by the emergence ofsmall animals, amphibians and reptiles.
3. During this era Mesosoikum appear large reptiles such as dinosaurs, etc.Atlantosaurus.
4. Age Neozoikum / Kainozoikum or also called a new era of life. This era is divided intotwo parts, namely:
a. In today's era Tertiary reptiles have started to disappear and developing mammals.
b. Quaternary age, is divided into two, namely:
1) Age Dilluvium / Ice age / interglacial. At this time northern Europe, northern Asia andNorth America covered by ice is very broad. Western part of Indonesia fused with Asiawhile the eastern one with Australia. 2) Age Alluvium / Holocene At this time ofdevelopment of human life as a human type of Homo sapiens today. prehistoric

Prehistoric or nirleka (nir: no, negligent: writing) is a term used to refer to the period in which the written historical record is not yet available. Prehistory can be said to be originated at the time of formation of the universe, but is generally used to refer to the period in which there is life on Earth where humans began to live.Boundary between the prehistoric era of history is to start the writing. This has led to an understanding that that was an era before the discovery of prehistoric writings, while history is the era after the introduction of writing. The end of the prehistoric era or the beginning of history to every nation in the world is not the same depending on the civilization of the nation. One example of the Egyptians about 4000 BC people are familiar with writing, so that at the time, the Egyptians had entered the era of history.Prehistoric times in Indonesia is estimated to end in the establishment of the kingdom of Kutai, around the 5th century; evidenced by the inscription in the form yupa found on the banks of the Mahakam River, East Kalimantan, has just entered the era of history.Because there is no written record remains of prehistoric times, information on age was obtained through such fields as paleontology, astronomy, biology, geology, anthropology, archeology. In the sense that the evidence of pre-history obtained only from the goods and bones at the excavation site history.PeriodizationArcheologyStone Age
Stone Age occurred before the metal is known and especially cultural tools made of stone in addition to wood and bone. This stone age diperiodisasi again to 4 times, among others:
1. Old Stone Age2. Middle Stone Age3. Big Stone Age4. Younger Stone Age1. Old stone ageOld stone age (palaeolitikum) so called because the stone tools made by humans are still done in rough, honed or polished. When viewed from the point of their livelihoods, this period is called the food gathering (gathering food) and people still live a nomadic (moving).There are two cultures which is the benchmark of this age, namely:1. Culture Pacitan (Pithecanthropus)2. Culture Ngandong, Blora (Homo and Homo Wajakinensis soloensis)The tools produced, among others: ax handheld / perimbas (class chopper / cutter), tools from animal bone or deer horn and Flakes of stone of Chalcedon (for peeling food)


2. Middle Stone Age1. Characteristic times Mesolithikum:a. Nomadic and still do the food gathering (foraging)b. The tools are produced almost the same as the age palaeolithikum which is still a rough stone tools.c. The discovery of the hills shells on the beach called Kjoken Mondinger (kitchen waste)c. Mesolithikum age tools such as: ax handheld (Pebble), the short axes (Hache Courte) Pipisan (grinding stones) and axes of stone is cleaved.d. The tools above are found in Sumatra, Java, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Flores.e. Mesolithikum cultural tools that are found in caves Sampung Lawa, East Java called Abris Sous Roche, among others: Flakes (Tool flakes), the tip of arrowheads, pipisan, rectangular axes and tools from the bones.2. Three important part of culture Mesolithikum:a. Pebble-Culture (tool cultural axes of Kjoken Mondinger handheld)b. Bone-Culture (cultural tool of Bones)c. Flakes Culture (cultural tool Abris Sauce flakes from Roche)3. Supporting human culture is a nation of Papua Mesolithikum - Melanosoid3. Younger Stone AgeThe main feature of the Stone Age Younger (Neolithikum) are the tools of man-made stone is honed or polished so smooth and beautiful. The tools produced, among others:1. Rectangular axes, such as pickaxes, hoes, and the torah which many are located in Sumatra, Java, Bali, Nusa Tenggara, Maluku, Sulawesi, Kalimantan,2. Stone axes (ax square necked) of Minahasa,3. Jewelry (bracelets and necklaces of exquisite stone) found in Java,4. Clothing from bark5. Pottery (stoneware belaga) are found in Sumatra, Java, Melolo (Sunda)Human Neolithikum supporters are Austronesian (Austria), Austro-Asia (Khamer-Indochina)Age is referred to as age megalithikum. Results megalithikum culture, among others:1. Menhir: a stone monument built for the worship of ancestral spirits.2. Dolmen: stone table where lay the offerings to the spirits of ancestors worship ceremony3. Sarchopagus / casket or coffin (lid-shaped dimples)4. Punden terraces: a place of worship multilevel5. Grave stone: a coffin made of large stones that can be opened and closedAge of MetalsIn ancient times people have been able to make metal tools of metal on the side of the stone tools. People already know the techniques of metal melted, print it into the desired tools. Metal tool making techniques are of two kinds, namely the rock called bivalve molds and mold clay and wax called a cire Perdue. This period is also called the perundagian because in society arise undagi class perform skilled handwork. Metal era is divided into:Bronze AgeIn the bronze age or who is also called the Dong Son culture-China Tonkin (cultural center) this early human was able to mix copper with tin in the ratio 3: 10 to obtain a harder metal.Bronze tools at this time include:a. The funnel ax (ax bronze, one of those gizmos) are found in South Sumatra, Java, Bali, Sulawesi, Selayar Islands, Irianb. Nekara Bronze (Moko) a type of boiler that is used as a dowry. Found in Sumatra, Java-Bali, Sumbawa, Bread, Selayar, Letic. Benjana Bronze found in Madura and Sumatra.d. Bronze statues are found in Bang-chew of betel (Riau), Lumajang (East Java) and Bogor (West Java)Iron AgeIn this day and age people are able to melt iron from seeds to be poured into the tools necessary. Iron smelting technique is more difficult than smelting techniques
copper or bronze for iron melt requires very high heat, namely ± 3500 ° C.Iron tools produced, among others:a. Eye limbed wood axb. Bladec. Eye Crescentd. Eyes Sworde. HoeThe tools are found on Mount Kidul (Yogyakarta), Bogor (West Java), Besuki and Punung (East Java)Age of the metal in Indonesia is dominated by the tools of the bronze age metal that is also called the Bronze Age. Iron tools were found at the time few in number and shape of metal such as bronze tools, because most iron tools, found in historical times.Between the time of Neolithic and metal age megalithic culture has evolved, the culture media using large stones as tools, even just at the top of the megalithic culture of the metal era.Archaeology, derived from the Greek, archaeo which means "ancient" and logos, "science". Alternative name is the science of historical archaeological material culture.Archaeology is the study of culture (human) past through a systematic review of the data material left behind. Systematic review include the discovery, documentation, analysis, and interpretation of data in the form of artifacts (material culture, such as stone axes and the building of the temple) and ekofak (environmental objects such as rocks, earth manner, and fossils) and features (artefaktual that can not be released from place (archaeological site). The technique is a typical research excavation (excavation) of archaeological, although the survey also get a sizable portion.Diverse archaeological objectives and become a long debate. Among these are called the paradigm of archaeological, cultural history that is preparing, understanding human behavior, and understand the process of cultural change. Because the aim to understand human culture, the sciences are included in the humanities group. Nonetheless, there are a variety of science aids are used, among others, history, anthropology, geology (the science of earth-forming layer is the reference relative age of an archaeological finds), geography, architecture, and bioantropologi paleoanthropology, physics (among others with carbon c- 14 to obtain the absolute pertanggalan), the science of metallurgy (to get the elements of a metal object), and philology (study old manuscripts).Archaeology in the present merangkumi various related fields. For example, the discovery of the bodies are buried will attract experts from various fields to learn about the clothing and the type of materials used, the form of ceramics and how to spread, confidence through what is interred with the corpse, chemical experts who were able to determine the age of minerals by means of such methods of measurement carbon 14.While the genetic experts who want to know the movement of ancient human migration, researching DNA.In particular, archaeologists studying the cultural past, which is old age, both in prehistoric times (before known writings), as well as the historical period (when there is written evidence). In development, archeology can also learn the culture of today, as popularized in modern material culture studies (modern material culture).Because it depends on the relics of the past, then in desperate need of preservation of archaeological objects such as a data source. Therefore, later developed other disciplines, namely the management of archaeological resources (Archaeological Resources Management), or, more broadly is a cultural resource management (CRM, Culture Resources Management).Developments in IndonesiaIn Indonesia, the development of archaeological beginning of the institutions engaged in the field of culture, such as van Genootshcap Bataviaashe Kunsten en Wettenschappen who later founded the oldest museum in Jakarta, is now a National Museum.Government agencies engaged in the colonial period in the field of archeology is Oudheidkundige Dienst that many make a survey and restoration of ancient buildings, especially temples. At the time of independence, the agency became the Office of Archeological until now evolved into a variety of institutions such as the Preservation Hall Institute for Archaeology and the Archaeological Heritage scattered in these areas and the Directorate of Antiquities and the Center for Research and Development National Archaeology in Jakarta. In addition, there are several colleges that opened the archeology department to educate scholars in the field of archeology. Universities are the University of Indonesia (Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Humanities), University of Gadjah Mada University (Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Humanities), University of Hasanuddin (Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Literature), and Udayana University (Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Literature) .Indonesian archaeologists, who generally is a graduate of four universities, gathered in the Archaeological Association of Indonesia. The characters are well-known archaeological Indonesia, among others, R. Soekmono who heads the restoration of Borobudur temple,and R.P. Soejono, who was the founder and chairman of the Archaeological Association of Indonesia's first and former head of the National Archaeological Research Center.Discipline Archaeology Indonesia is still strongly marked by chronological division, namely the period of Prehistory, the Classical period (Hindu-Buddhist era), the Islamic period, as well as the Colonial period. By na kare, in Indonesia known archaeological specialization according to the period, namely Prehistoric Archaeology, Classical Archaeology, Archaeology of Islam, as well as Colonial Archaeology. One feature of the archaeological discipline Indonesia is the inclusion of epigraphy, yangmenekuni reading of ancient inscriptions. In development now has developed special interests such as etnoarkeologi, underwater archeology, and arkeometri. There is also a sub-discipline that develops because of contact with other sciences, such as Environment or Archaeology Archaeology Ecology, Economic Archaeology, Archaeology of Art, Demographic Archaeology, Architecture and Archaeology.


 
(Archaeology: the science of ancient life and culture based on legacy objects)
1. Stone Age- Means of life support from a stone- Low power of human thought
a. Old Stone Age (Palaeolithikum)- 600,000 years ago (Kala pleistocen / Dilluvium)- Nomadic (moving), depending on the availability of food, especially game animals- Hunting, gathering food, fishingb. Middle Stone Age (Mesolithikum)- 20,000 years ago- Permanent residence: the river, beach, cave- Hunting, gathering food, fishing- Changes are occurring faster than the Old Stone Age- There are immigrants from Asia, the tools used there are influences from Asiac. Younger Stone Age (Neolithikum)- Produce food (food producing)- Indonesia is now the basis of civilization- Grow crops, raise livestock: an agrarian society- The rules of life- Division of labor- The tools are sharpened and burnished- Pottery- Woven- Develop confidence in ancestral spiritsd. Big Stone Age (megalithikum)- Create and leave the culture made of large stone- Develop until the Bronze Age (age metals)- The belief in ancestral spirits2. Metal Age (Bronze Age)- Use metal to create a variety of tools- The possibility of metal ore has been discovered in the Age Palaeolithikum- Ability to smelt ore into metal plates formed in the Age of Neolithikum- Ages are divided into metals: copper age, bronze age, iron age. In Indonesia there is no copper era.- In Indonesia: bronze age and iron age coincides

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